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Diagnosis
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Fore
wing with a single seta on submarginal
vein. Postmarginal
vein short: usually, less than 1/3 the length of the stigmal vein
(STV).
Female funicle 3- and male 4-segmented. Antenna of female with 1 to 3 anelli, the first transverse, the second and third, when present, laminar. Male antenna with 1 or 2 anelli, with scape not swollen and with short to very long ventral plaque, and usually with basal whorls of very long setae present on all the funicular segments. All funicular segments, especially in female antenna, are distinctly longer than wide. Club 3-segmented in both sexes. Fronto-facial suture near anterior ocellus. Malar sulcus straight and sometimes with fovea below eye, although species living on leafminers usually have a distinctly curved malar sulcus without fovea. Notauli complete. Midlobe of mesoscutum usually with a single adnotaular seta on each side, placed in posterior half, and with or without median groove. Scutellum with two pairs of longitudinal lines and two pairs of setae. Propodeum without Y-shaped paraspicular carina; propodeal spiracles small to moderate-sized, close or fairly close to metanotum, with their rim exposed. Median carina on propodeum present or absent. Petiole not distinct. Ovipositor sheaths not or only slightly projecting beyond last tergite of gaster; cercal setae usually unequal in length, with one being distinctly longer than the others. Colour of the body metallic or non metallic, with or without pale markings; the leafminers parasitoid species, belonging to the “anysis group”, are mainly yellowish.
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Superfamily : Chalcidoidea Family : Eulophidae Subfamily : Tetrastichinae |
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Classification |
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Overview |
Quadrastichus contains over 50 species, and is cosmopolitan in distribution (Noyes, 2002; 2003). Species are mainly parasitoids of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) or various Coleoptera; however a few mainly Asian species are parasitoids of leafminers. |
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Identification |
Quadrastichus is included in recent generic keys to eulophids for North America (Schauff et al, 1997), generic keys to Tetrastichinae for Europe (Graham, 1991) and North America (La Salle, 1994), and it is included in a web-based key to all Eulophidae genera which attack leafmining Agromyzidae (Reina & La Salle, 2003). Keys to species are only available for Europe (Graham, 1991). Species which might be considered potential biological control agents of agromyzid leafminers were discussed by Hansson & La Salle (1996)and Reina & La Salle (2004). |
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