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Diagnosis
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Fore
wing with submarginal
vein with 3 or more setae dorsally. Postmarginal
vein distinctly longer (2x or more) than stigmal vein (STV).
Scape slender, sometimes reaching top of vertex. 1-2 anelli. Female funicle 4- and club 2-segmented (rarely funicle and club both 3-segmented). Male funicle 4-segmented with 3 long branches on the first 3 segments. Vertex, frons, face and clypeus reticulate to smooth and shiny. Malar sulcus present and straight. Fronto-facial suture usually absent. Notauli absent or incomplete. Mesoscutum reticulate. Scutellum densely sculptured with two pairs of setae and without longitudinal lines. Propodeum smooth and shiny with median carina, plica and costula complete in female; sometimes costula absent or incomplete in male. Petiole not distinct. Body colour mainly metallic-green or green with white to brown coloured markings on scape, legs and sometimes on some basal gastral segments.
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Superfamily : Chalcidoidea Family : Eulophidae Subfamily : Eulophinae Tribe : Eulophini |
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Classification |
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Overview |
Pnigalio is a moderate sized genus, with about 50 species. It is mainly Holarctic in distribution, but extends into some more tropical regions. Species are mainly parasitoids of leafmining Lepidoptera; however, a few species are associated with Diptera and Coleoptera leafminers. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Identification |
Pnigalio is included in recent generic keys to eulophids for Australasia (Boucek, 1988) and North America (Schauff et al, 1997), and it is included in a web-based key to all Eulophidae genera which attack leafmining Agromyzidae (Reina & La Salle, 2003). Recent keys to species of Pnigalio are available for North American (Yoshimoto, 1983). Older but still useful keys may also be Graham (1959) and Askew (1968) for the British species, and Miller (1970) for the Nearctic region. In those keys however there are several species that have subsequently been renamed or synonymised (Noyes, 2002; 2003). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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